Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics

ASSOCIATION OF GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE (GSTM1 and GSTT1) AND FTO GENE POLYMORPHISMS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS CASES IN NORTHERN INDIA
Raza ST, Abbas S, Ahmad A, Ahmed F, Zaidi ZH, Mahdi F
*Corresponding Author: Syed Tasleem Raza, Ph.D., Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Hardoi Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India 226025. Tel.: +91-522- 240-8122; 240-8123. Fax: +91-522-240-7824. E-mail: tasleem24@gmail.com
page: 47

INTRODUCTION

Diabetes has become a common global health problem that affects >170 million people worldwide. It is one of the leading causes of death and disability. It is estimated that by 2030, the number will rise to 366 million (www.who. int). According to Wild et al. [1] the ‘top’ three countries in terms of the number of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are India (31.7 million in 2000; 79.4 million in 2030), China (20.8 million in 2000; 42.3 million in 2030); and the US (17.7 million in 2000; 30.3 million in 2030). Clearly, T2DM has become an epidemic in the 21st century with India leading the world with the largest number of diabetic subjects. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a non autoimmune, complex, heterogeneous and polygenic metabolic disease in which the body fails to produce enough insulin, characterized by abnormal glucose homeostasis [2]. Its pathogenesis appears to involve complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors [2]. Identification of the genetic components of T2DM is the most important area of diabetes research because elucidation of the diabetes genes (alleles) will influence all efforts toward a mechanistic understanding of the disease, its complications, and its treatment, cure, and prevention [3]. Researchers have identified a number of genetic factors that may be responsible for selected or more general diabetic patients. It has also been reported that defects in antioxidant defense against oxidative stress play an important role in the etiology of diabetic complications [4,5]. Glutathione (GSH) is the major cellular antioxidant that protects against environmental toxicants as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated cell injury. Glutathione detoxifies ROS, reduces peroxides and detoxifies multiple compounds through glutathione-S-transferase (GST) conjunction [6]. Three of the GST genes, GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1, have been found to have functional polymorphisms that are frequently present in the general population. There are several studies that reported significant association to T2DM for both null genotypes of GST [7,8] and others that verified no association between GSTT1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms and T2DM [9,10]. Some studies indicated that genetic variations of the GSTT1 enzyme are associated with the development of end-stage renal disease in diabetes mellitus patients [11]. Recently, part of a genome-wide association study found that several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene were strongly associated with obesity and T2DM [12,13]. The FTO gene, which is located on chromosome 16q12.2, and has nine exons and emerged 450 million years ago [14]. The FTO gene is mainly expressed in the hypothalamus and encodes a 2-oxoglutarate- dependent nucleic acid demethylase. It may play an important role in the management of energy homeostasis [14,15], nucleic acid demethylation, and the regulation of body fat masses by lipolysis [16]. A recent meta-analysis [17] in East and South Asians, concluded that the FTO minor allele (or a proxy), the risk allele for obesity also increased the risk of T2DM. Similar results were reported in a Scandinavian population [18]. Currently, adequate data is not available dealing with GSTT1, GSTM1 and FTO gene polymorphisms and its susceptibility with T2DM patients among north Indian population; thus, we conceived the need for further studies on GSTT1, GSTM1 and FTO gene polymorphisms and its association with T2DM in north Indian population.

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