Individual prevention will consist of the “ABC” ap­proach, an acronym that stands for “Abstain, Be faithful, use Condoms” [26]. Collective prevention will be by the implementation of organized screening programs that could, in the long term, reduce if not eliminate cervical cancer. Because conventional cytology has limitations, LBC and HPV testing must be a priority for the improve­ment of already existing screening programs [18].

Vaccination against the most common viral sexually transmitted infection, and thereby protection against HPV-associated diseases such as cervical cancer, is the most promising project but also the most challenging. Vaccines against HPV may be prophylactic, therapeutic or both. Currently, prophylactic virus like particle (VLP) vaccines that comprise the HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 major capsid protein L1 are in Phase III clinical trials [27]. Preliminary results from Phase II trials indicate safety and 100% effi­cacy from persistent infection and cervical lesions [27]. This tetravalent vaccine is expected to be commercially available within 4 years. Even if the vaccine becomes accessible and affordable to all women, many questions regarding the immunization protocol arise.