Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics

ANALYSIS OF HUMAN BRADYKININ RECEPTOR GENE AND ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE GENE POLYMORPHISMS IN END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE AMONG MALAYSIANS
Vasudevan R, Ismail P, Jaafar NI, Mohamad NA, Etemad E, Wan Aliaa WS, Eshkor S a These authors contributed equally to this article.
*Corresponding Author: Professor Dr. Patimah Ismail, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor DE, Malaysia. Tel.: +60-3-8947-2314. Fax: +60-3-8943-6178. E-mail: patimashimail@gmail.com and Dr. Ramachandran Vasudevan, Institute of Gerontology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor DE, 43400, Malaysia. Tel.: +60-3-8947-2752. Fax: +60-3-8947-2738. E-mail: vasuphd@gmail.com.
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INTRODUCTION

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is also known as a stage of chronic renal disease in which renal replacement therapy, dialysis or kidney transplantation is needed to sustain life [1]. End-stage renal disease is a complex phenotype and multifactorial disease caused by both environmental and genetic factors [2]. Several studies have shown that genetic factors may also contribute to the development of ESRD [3,4]. Bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) and the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) genes have been proven to be candidate genes associated with ESRD [5,6]. Meta analysis studies showed that the candidate genes involved in the development of ESRD led to contradictory results in various populations [7]. This may be due to the difference of genetic predisposition causing this association of polymorphism with ESRD to differ between populations. In Malaysia, there is a lack of literature on the association of the bradykinin receptor and the eNOS gene polymorphisms with the development of ESRD. Taking this into account, we sought to determine the association of B2R and eNOS gene polymorphisms and the ESRD subjects in Malaysians.

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